The global hunger index of 18.2 is referred to as being at a moderate level. This means that there are still many hungry people in Indonesia. Based on the GHI report (2020), especially in Southeast Asian countries, Indonesia ranks 70th out of 107 countries facing difficulties in meeting their psychological needs for food and nutrition with an index score of 19.1. Indonesia is also facing challenges posed by hunger. Meanwhile, Nakao ( 2019) stated that 822 million people on earth are in food insecure conditions, and as many as 517 million people (62.89% of them) are in the Asia Pacific region. Some countries in the South Asia region, for example, are home to some of the largest undernourished communities in the world ( Von Grebmer et al. ( 2022) also investigated the impact of COVID-19, and came to the conclusion that there is a connection between the health, economic, and tourism aspects caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. The pandemic has triggered living costs to rise significantly while the living standard falls, plunging hundreds of millions of people back into poverty ( Ahern 2021 Klingelhofer et al. Eighty-four other developing countries also have suffered from the economic downturn, and in the long run, the progress made towards the “zero hunger” goal is at risk of being completely reversed in those countries. A developing country such as Nigeria stands out from the rest. The enormous health impacts of COVID-19 have caused misery and increased healthcare costs worldwide. Chansanam and Li stated that future research on poverty should place more emphasis on the poverty line, social policies, and living standards ( Chansanam and Li 2022). Several factors that cause hunger are (i) extreme poverty, (ii) climate change, (iii) conflict between countries, (iv) gender inequality, (v) global food systems that are not conducive to the purpose, and (vi) COVID-19 ( Acharya and Chakraborty 2018 Ahern 2021). Why is that? It seems that the complexity of the cause of hunger has to be taken into account. Yet, up to the present time, hunger remains a persistent problem. Many approaches, whether one-dimensional or covering multi-dimensional aspects, have been conducted to test and see how the problem can be solved.
2021), for instance, have been offered as one of the solutions, but such ideas are still controversial and debatable. Transgenic food and gen-engineering technologies ( Garcia et al.
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Some believe that sustainability is considered a key driver for food innovation and that it can solve the problem. Many kinds of research have been conducted to find solutions. In 2018, around 857 million people in the world were still suffering from chronic hunger. World hunger is still the biggest challenge faced by humanity today.
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